Backup and Restore (not only with IMAGE.EXE): ============================================= 1) Saving under linux: ====================== with: cd / mkdir /sicherung cd /home find . -print | cpio -pvumd /sicherung you save the directory /home with all subdirectories to the the directory /sicherung/home. Other directories could be saved analog. Think, that you should not save the root directory with: cd / find . -print | cpio -pvumd /sicherung because /sicherung is saved recursive! 2) Saving under Windows 95/98: ============================== Here it is good to save in a Dos-Box with the xcopy program and the following parameters /k /r /e /i /s /c /h Example: a) saving drive C: to drive G: directory BAC-LW-C -------------------------------------------------- C: CD \ G: CD \ MD BAC-LW-C CD BAC-LW-C xcopy c:*.* /k /r /e /i /s /c /h b) Saving of the Windows directory in drive C: to WINDOWS.RET ------------------------------------------------------------- C: CD \ MD WINDOWS.RET CD WINDOWS.RET xcopy c:\windows\*.* /k /r /e /i /s /c /h Remark to a) ------------ With a) succeeds the complete saving of drive C. The restoring with windows does not succeed for all files. The reason is, that the system files of Windows are locked. Under Dos is restoring not possible, because the long file name are not obtained. If you have installed a second Window, for example on a drive D, you can restoring drive C after booting Windows from D: with following commands: C: CD \ DELTREE C: /Y G: CD \ CD BAC-LW-C C: CD \ xcopy G:*.* /k /r /e /i /s /c /h For the installation of more than one Windows on a PC look at the documentation to "Bootmanager" of ASSWARE. Especially: BOOTINST.BAT, BOOTX.BAT und BOOTWIN.BAT. Remark to b) ------------ With b) succeeds the complete saving of the Windows directory /WINDOWS and under DOS succeeds the restoring with: C: CD \ REN WINDOWS WINDOWS.ALT REN WINDOWS.RET WINDOWS But now you should save \WINDOWS at once as you did it in b) and you should delete /WINDOWS.ALT 3) Saving with software of ASSWARE: =================================== With PARTINFO.EXE you see the values of partitions and logical drives. You can use these values as parameters for IMAGE.EXE Example: A part of print of partinfo.exe (Disk 0 is the first disk) ============================================================================== Disk 0: 38162.2 Megabytes ============================ Partition Information =========================== Volume Partition Partition Start Total Letter:Label Type Status Size MB Sector # Sector Sectors ------------- --------------- -------- ------- --------- - --------- --------- ... ... ... C:C FAT16B Pri,Boot 502.0 0 0 63 1028097 ### ExtendedX Pri 30004.2 0 1 1028160 61448625 EPBR Log 502.0 None - 1028160 1028160 <-- D:D FAT16B Log 502.0 1028160 0 1028223 1028097 <<< ... ... ... Linux Ext2 Pri 651.1 0 2 62476785 1333395 ... ... ... Example: saving the logical (ATA) drive C: to G:LW-C.RAW -------------------------------------------------------- IMAGE C: G:LW-D.RAW 63 1028097 With the following command you can restore: IMAGE G:LW-D.RAW C: 63 1028097 WRITE Remark: If you have defragmentated the drive with DEFRAG.EXE, you can take a less number of sectors than 1028097. But it must be so high, that all data could still be saved! Example: saving the logical drive D: to G:LW-D.RAW -------------------------------------------------- With the values of above disc (see printing of partinfo.exe), please look also to the documentation in IMAGE.TXT, you can use the three following commands to make the same file G:LW-D.RAW: INT13 C: G:LW-D.RAW 0 0 1028224 1028097 KONVERT2 D: G:LW-D.RAW 9 0 1028097 2 IMAGE C: G:LW-D.RAW 1028223 1028097 You can restore with the three following commands: INT13 G:LW-D.RAW C: 0 0 1028224 1028097 WRITE KONVERT2 G:LW-D.RAW D: 9 0 1028097 2 WRITE IMAGE G:LW-D.RAW C: 1028223 1028097 WRITE On new PC with AT-disc you should use the IMAGE command, because this command is very fast. On older PC (< 1999) you should use the INT13 command. Example: saving the Linux root directory: ----------------------------------------- In the example showed above, is the root directory the third partition with Start Sector: 62476785 and Total Sectors: 1333395 Saving to drive G: file LW-LIN-3.RAW: IMAGE C: G:LW-LIN-3.RAW 62476785 1333395 Restoring from drive G: file LW-LIN-3.RAW to the third partitition: IMAGE G:LW-LIN-3.RAW C: 62476785 1333395 WRITE Access under Linux to G:LW-LIN-3.RAW as user root: cd / mkdir G: mkdir mounttest mount -t vfat /dev/hda9 /G mount -o loop /G/LW-LIN-3.RAW /mounttest ls -l -a /mounttest 4) Attention: ============= The programs works with DOS e.g. freedos beta 8 or with the DOS, which is on the start disc of Windows 98. It is to boot DOS with the disc or e.g. under Windows 95/98 with: Start->Beenden->im MS-DOS-Modus neu starten. With KONVERT2.EXE you have perhaps to work with the lock command. In a DOS-BOX under Windows especially with the parameter WRITE you can have big problems!!!(because of the drive caching) The command from 3) restoring the drive D: IMAGE G:LW-D.RAW C: 1028223 1028097 WRITE worked with my PC in a DOS-Box under following conditions: The drive D: was completely deleted, after deleting of D: it was rebooted, no windows program was started, no program did D: use, especially there was no swap-Datei on D: as a first Windows command after booting the Dos-Box was opened and then it was restored by IMAGE. After that it was directly new booted and after that new booting and only after that, you can use the drive D: again. The restoring of the windows drive or the logical drive C: can never work in a DOS-Box without problems. At saving and especially at restoring of a logical drive, you have to look, that you do not choose the fourth parameter too big. Otherwise you delete by restoring the dates of the following logical drive! After a reorg run you can choose the fourth parameter 'correspondingly', smaller if all sectors are also saved. 5) Times: ========= 5.1) The commands: ------------------ To save: -------- g: cd \entw time < g:\entw\nl > g:\entw\md-timb.dat INT13 c: g:\lw-d.ra1 0 0 1028224 1028097 time < g:\entw\nl >> g:\entw\md-timb.dat KONVERT2 d: g:\lw-d.ra2 9 0 1028097 2 time < g:\entw\nl >> g:\entw\md-timb.dat IMAGE c: g:\lw-d.ra3 1028223 1028097 time < g:\entw\nl >> g:\entw\md-timb.dat d: cd \ g: cd \ deltree g:\lw-d-tst /Y md LW-D-TST cd LW-D-TST time < g:\entw\nl >> g:\entw\md-timb.dat xcopy d:*.* /k /r /e /i /s /c /h time < g:\entw\nl >> g:\entw\md-timb.dat To restore ---------- g: cd \entw time < g:\entw\nl > g:\entw\md-timr.dat INT13 g:\lw-d.ra1 c: 0 0 1028224 1028097 write time < g:\entw\nl >> g:\entw\md-timr.dat KONVERT2 g:\lw-d.ra2 d: 9 0 1028097 2 write time < g:\entw\nl >> g:\entw\md-timr.dat IMAGE g:\lw-d.ra3 c: 1028223 1028097 write time < g:\entw\nl >> g:\entw\md-timr.dat d: cd \ deltree *.* /Y d: cd \ time < g:\entw\nl >> g:\entw\md-timr.dat xcopy g:\LW-D-TST\*.* /k /r /e /i /s /c /h time < g:\entw\nl >> g:\entw\md-timr.dat By using of two discs L: was used instead if G:. 5.2 The test PC: ---------------- MSI KT266A Board with AMI Bios, Athlon XP 1600+ prozessor 512 MByte DDR-Ram 40 GByte disc with 5200 rpm (+ second disc of same type) Logical drive D: is Fat drive with about 500 MB (100 MB are free) Logical drive G: is Fat32 drive with about 14 Gbyte Logical drive L: is Fat32 drive with about 10 Gybte on the second disc. You get the information of starting and total sectors by the program PARTINFO.EXE. The file nl contains only the "Enter command" (Hexadezimal 0D and 0A) 5.3 The timing: --------------- WI = copy only with one disc in Dos box in Windows G: is the Fat 32 drive on the first disc. WI2 = copy with two discs to / from drive L: in Dos box in Windows L: is Fat 32 drive the second disc. MD = boot Dos with the start disc of Windows 98, copy only with one disc MD2 = boot Dos with the start disc of Windows 98, copy with two discs to / from drive L: FD = boot freedos with freedos beta 8 disc, copy only with one disc. Copy times in seconds for round 500 MB (xcopy needs only round 400 MB to copy, because on D: are 100 MB free, therefore you should compare the norms by xcopy and multiply them with 1,2). The result of xcpoy are only useful in a DOS-Box, because the file names are shorten on 8.3 convention. Saving ! Restoring WI ! WI2 ! MD ! MD2 ! FD ! WI ! WI2 ! MD ! MD2 ! FD ! ---------------------------------------------------------- INT13 : 151 ! 71 ! 396 ! 205 ! 569 ! 297 ! 40 ! 384 ! 145 ! 402 ! KONVERT2: 183 ! 77 ! 417 ! 201 ! 491 ! 424 ! 96 ! 410 ! 147 ! 430 ! IMAGE : 52 ! 40 ! 326 ! 200 ! 380 ! 202 ! 36 ! 321 ! 137 ! 340 ! XCOPY : 101 ! 80 ! 682 ! 707 ! ! 128 ! 48 ! 487 ! 328 ! ! 6) Recommendations: =================== 6.1) For Windows 95/98/ME: --------------------------- Make a primary and secundary partition and let more than 4 Gbype free for Linux. If you want use Linux only for saving and restoring (see mount with loop parameter) only 600 MByte are needed. The primary partition may use 500 (700, 1000 or 2000) Mbyte. Make 6 logical drives in the second partition. If you have a second disc make only a secundary partition. The single drives: C: FAT drive with 500 MByte (or 700 or 1000 or 2000) D: FAT drive with 500 MByte for a second Windows see INSTWIN.BAT and BOOTWIN.BAT for installing and booting of second Windows. Hint: If you can not install a second Window, because there is a Windows, rename in C:\WINDOWS the file WIN.COM to WIN.ALT. After the Installation of the second Windows rename again WIN.ALT to WIN.COM. E: FAT drive with 500 MByte for swapping. Under Windows 98 with: Start -> Einstellungen -> Systemsteuerung -> System -> Leistungsmerkmale -> virtueller Arbeitsspeicher -> Es gelten benutzerdefinierte Einstellungen fuer den virtuellen Speicher there youy choose drive E: and for minimum and maximum take 400. F: Drive for programs, you do not want to install on C: G: Drive for data. H: FAT32 drive for backup and restore big enough for your backup files. If you have a second drive, you should use it for backup (because of velocity and safety). On a second drive you should only make a secondary and no primary partitition. Otherwise you would become trouble with the letter of the logical drives. I: Only temporary 500 MByte, it is used for Linux-Swap see 6.3). Make two DOS-boot floppy discs. Delete the two files AUTOEXEC.BAT und CONFIG.SYS on it. first boot disc: ---------------- Copy the file BOOTWIN.BAT to it and change it on your opinion. Make the file AUTOEXEC.BAT on it with for example this commands: ECHO OFF REM Bootumschalter REM Es wird BOOTWIN.BAT aufgerufen REM bitte vorher INSTWIN.BAT und BOOTWIN.BAT lesen! PATH=A:\ XKEYB GR REM SHSUCDX /D:CD001,Z,,1 ECHO Bootumschalter Windows ME, Windows von D:, Windows von C: CHOICE /C:1234 ME = 1, Windows von Laufwerk D: = 2, von C: = 3, UNB = 4 IF ERRORLEVEL 4 GOTO UNB IF ERRORLEVEL 3 GOTO W9C IF ERRORLEVEL 2 GOTO W9D IF ERRORLEVEL 1 GOTO WME ECHO falsche Eingabe nur 1, 2, 3 oder 4 erlaubt! GOTO ENDE :UNB BOOTWIN UNB GOTO ENDE :W9C BOOTWIN W9C GOTO ENDE :W9D BOOTWIN W9D GOTO ENDE :WME BOOTWIN WME GOTO ENDE :ENDE Change BOOTWIN.BAT and BOOTINST.BAT before. With this floppy disc you can boot Windows from drive C: or Windows from drive D: second boot disc: ----------------- Copy the file IMAGE.EXE to it. Make the file AUTOEXEC.BAT on it with for example this commands: IMAGE H:LW-C.RAW C: 0 1000000 WRITE Before this you have saved the logical drive C: with:. IMAGE C: H:LW-C.RAW 0 1000000 The accurate value for the fourth parameter you find in the output of PARTINFO.EXE. Attention: Boot only with this floppy disc, if you have read and understand the documentation of IMAGE.EXE and use only your real parameter for IMAGE; see the output of PARTINFO.EXE! With this floppy disc you can restore and boot your saved Windows of drive C: within 3.5 minutes (for 500 MByte). For this you need only to do (surely after you have saved your drive C:): Floppy disc into drive, boot PC from floppy disc, wait about 2 minutes till IMAGE is ready, then put away the disc and new boot of the PC from drive C: This all together takes about 3.5 minutes for 500 MByte, if LW-C.RAW is saved on a second hard disc. This all together takes about 5 minutes for 500 MByte, if LW-C.RAW is on a CD-ROM. Example for AUTOEXEC.BAT und CONFIG.SYS, restoring from CD-ROM (drive I:): AUTOEXEC.BAT: LOADHIGH MSCDEX.EXE /D:MSCD000 IMAGE I:LW-D-DUR.RAW C: 0 1000000 WRITE CONFIG.SYS: DEVICE=A:\CDROM.SYS /D:MSCD000 On the bootable floopy disc there must be: AUTOEXEC.BAT CONFIG.SYS MSCDEX.EXE CDROM.SYS (that is your CD-Rom driver for DOS, maybe another name) IMAGE.EXE More than one Windows images of drive C: ---------------------------------------- Of course you can make more than one image of C: (or D:) with different program collections: At first you install Windows on C: with a few programs: for instance Miedit, WinZip, etc. Then you save this all with IMAGE. Then you install for instance internetprograms like Mozilla, Zonealarm, Webwasher, Spyware- or Dialer-Warner and a Viruschecker. Then you save again with IMAGE. At least you restore the first saving and install CD-ROM or DVD software like CLONY, Clonecd, Divx, DVDx, Smartripper etc.. Then you save this with IMAGE too. On this way you get three different versions of logical drive C: which you can restore every time quick and without virus. 6.2) For Windows NT/2000/XP: ---------------------------- You can choose the drives how you did it in 6.1), with the following difference: If you install Windows NT/2000/XP on drive C:, then drive C: should have 2000 MByte. If you want to access with linux to drive C: (see Linux command mount), then drive C: should be a FAT32 drive. You can save (under DOS) the drive C: with: IMAGE C: H:LW-C.RAW 0 40000000 or for files you want to burn on CD: with: IMAGE C: H:LW-C.RA1 0 14000000 IMAGE C: H:LW-C.RA2 14000000 14000000 IMAGE C: H:LW-C.RA3 28000000 12000000 (for the exact value of the last parameter see the print of PARTINFO.EXE). Drive C: must not be a FAT drive. But the drive you want to save to / from (here H:) must be a FAT or FAT32 drive. Please remember, that IMAGE.EXE does not run with Windows NT/2000/XP, you have to boot with DOS or freedos floppy disc in order to save or restore. 6.3) For Linux: --------------- If you install Windows how you did it in 6.1) und 6.2) and you did not use all place for Windows (for Linux, there should be place for more than 4 GByte), then you have place for two partitition (/dev/hda3 and /dev/hda4). Furthermore during the installation of Windows you should make a 7.-th FAT drive with 500 MByte, which you use as swap drive for Linux. Then you do not see any more this drive with Windows. For the root directory / there are 600 Mbyte enough, if you put the directories /home, /opt, /usr and /tmp to another partitition. Mount during installation of Linux / on /dev/hda3 und /rest on /dev/hda4. Trick: First you install only a minimal version of linux, after that you make as user root: mkdir /rest/home mkdir /rest/opt mkdir /rest/usr mkdir /rest/tmp ln -s /rest/home /home ln -s /rest/opt /opt ln -s /rest/usr /usr ln -s /rest/tmp /tmp the directories home, opt, usr, tmp in directory /rest (with the usually links). And now you install the other wanted software. Under DOS you save above Linux root directory (see print of PARTINFO) for example with: IMAGE C: H:LW-LIN.RAW 62476785 1333395 Example for the partition of a 40000 MByte (40 Gbyte) drive: 1.-st Part.!2.-nd Partition !3.-rd Part.!4.-th Part. primary !secundary (34000 MB) ! ! !The logical drives on the 2.-nd partition: ! ! ---------------!-----------------------------------------------------------------!------------ *1 /etc/hda1 !/etc/hda2 ! !/etc/hda3 !/etc/hda4 *2 /etc/hda1 !/etc/hda5 !/etc/hda6 !/etc/hda7 !/etc/hda8 !/etc/hda9 !/etc/hda10!/etc/hda3 !/etc/hda4 *3 C: !D: !E: !F: !G: !H: !- !- !- *4 /C !/D !/E !/F !/G !/H !"Swap" !/ !/rest *5 2000 MB !500 MB !500 MB !4000 MB !20000 MB !8500 MB !500 MB !600 MB !3400 MB *1 Linux device name of partition *2 Linux device name of logical drives *3 Windows drive letter *4 Linux directory *5 Size If you want access with Linux to the Window drives you have to do one time: cd / mkdir C mkdir D mkdir E mkdir F mkdir G mkdir H and in the file /etc/fstab you have to insert: /dev/hda1 /C vfat defaults 1 2 /dev/hda5 /D vfat defaults 1 2 /dev/hda6 /E vfat defaults 1 2 /dev/hda7 /F vfat defaults 1 2 /dev/hda8 /G vfat defaults 1 2 /dev/hda9 /H vfat defaults 1 2 6.4) A subjektiv comparison between Linux and Windows: ------------------------------------------------------ The most important with Linux (or more general with GNU-Software) is the GPL (GNU Public Licence). GNU software is free software. Free does not mean without price (of course you may distrubute and accept GNU-Software without price). Everyone has the freedom to copy, distribute and even changing the source, with only one restriction: he is not able to restrict other to use this freedom. GNU software exists not only with Linux. For other operating systems there exists GNU software too. Because of many people are able to look for the source code, you are very sure, that you do not use insidious code. I think, that spyware, dialer und software , which telephones home, is insidious code. With insidious code there is stolen your time (for instance with SPAM), your data and in recent time your money! In stability and velocity there is no more a great difference between Linux and Windows XP. Now I use Windows and Linux. But I think, that I use in future only Linux. The most important reason is, that I hope - because of the GNU licence - to have no or not much insidious code on my system. Think!: Now: Windows XP has the ET syndrom! In future with DRM: Microsoft or other companys have the control to your PC and not YOU!